1Lilya Irsianti Fadlilah, 2Arseto Yekti Bagastyo
1,2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo-Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i07-40Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
This study investigated the efficacy of different coagulants, namely ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate at a concentration of 1.95 g/L, and aluminum chlorohydrate at a concentration of 2.1 g/L, in removing microplastics from plastic recycling facility wastewater under different pH conditions. The results showed that the presence of microplastics in wastewater was 76% in the form of fragments, followed by films and fibers in smaller amounts. The size of these microplastics varies, with a dominant size range of 251-500 μm. At pH 6, ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate were able to remove 75% and 90% of the microplastic abundance, respectively, by adding a dose of 1.95 g/L. However, the highest removal efficiency was obtained by adding a dose of 2.1 g/L Aluminium chlorohydrate at pH 8. These findings underscore the importance of selecting suitable coagulants and optimizing treatment operational conditions based on the type and size distribution of microplastics present in the wastewater system.
KEYWORDS:aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, coagulation-flocculation, ferric chloride, microplastics
REFERENCES1) Altieri, V. G., De Sanctis, M., Sgherza, D., Pentassuglia, S., Barca, E., & Di Iaconi, C. (2021). Treating and reusing wastewater generated by the washing operations in the non-hazardous plastic solid waste recycling process: Advanced method vs. conventional method. Journal of Environmental Management, 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112011
2) Amelia Junisu, B., Handayani, E., Ismuyanto, B., Dwi Saptati Hidayati, A. N., & Nurul Himma, dan F. (2017). Pengaruh Penambahan Kitosan terhadap Efektivitas Proses Koagulasi Menggunakan Besi (III) Klorida Heksahidrat. 1(2), pp. 63–69.
3) Borrelle, S. B., Ringma, J., Law, K. L., Monnahan, C. C., Lebreton, L., Mcgivern, A., Murphy, E., Jambeck, J., Leonard, G. H., Hilleary, M. A., Eriksen, M., Possingham, H. P., De Frond, H., Gerber, L. R., Polidoro, B., Tahir, A., Bernard, M., Mallos, N., Barnes, M., & Rochman, C. M. (2020). Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science 369, pp. 1515–1518. https://www.science.org
4) Brown, E., MacDonald, A., Allen, S., & Allen, D. (2023). The potential for a plastic recycling facility to release microplastic pollution and possible filtration remediation effectiveness. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100309
5) Burhani, D., Winarni, A., & Sari, A. A. (2017). Effect of coagulant/flocculant dosage and pH to water recovery of black liquor wastewater in bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunch using response surface methodology. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1803. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973131
6) Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J., & Galloway, T. S. (2013). Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(12), 6646–6655. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400663f
7) Farraj, S. A., Lapointe, M., Kurusu, R. S., & Tufenkji, N. (2024). Microplastics and nanoplastics in water: Improving removal in wastewater treatment plants with alternative coagulants. ChemRxiv. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-jrjkk
8) Filipkowska, U., Klimiuk, E., Filipkowska, U., & Korzeniowska, A. (2019). Effects of pH and Coagulant Dosage on Effectiveness of Coagulation of Reactive Dyes from Model Wastewater by Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC). In Polish Journal of Environmental Studies (Vol. 8, Issue 2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237215524
9) Firdaus, M., Trihadiningrum, Y., & Lestari, P. (2020). Microplastic pollution in the sediment of Jagir Estuary, Surabaya City, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110790
10) Free, C. M., Jensen, O. P., Mason, S. A., Eriksen, M., Williamson, N. J., & Boldgiv, B. (2014). High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85(1), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.001
11) Iswanto, B., Indomas Mulia, W., & Air Bersih dan Sanitasi, K. (2009). Pengaruh Ph Pada Proses Koagulasi Dengan Koagulan Aluminum Sulfat Dan Ferri Klorida. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan, 5(2), 40–45.
12) Khan, M. T., Ahmad, M., Hossain, M. F., Nawab, A., Ahmad, I., Ahmad, K., & Panyametheekul, S. (2023). Microplastic removal by coagulation: a review of optimizing the reaction conditions and mechanisms. Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2023.39
13) Kooi, M., Besseling, E., Kroeze, C., Wazel, P. van, & A. Koelmans, A. (2018). Freshwater Microplastics. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 58 Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy. http://www.springer.com/series/698
14) Lapointe, M., Papineau, I., Peldszus, S., Peleato, N., & Barbeau, B. (2021). Identifying the best coagulant for simultaneous water treatment objectives: Interactions of mononuclear and polynuclear aluminum species with different natural organic matter fractions. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101829
15) Lau, W. W. Y., Shiran, Y., Bailey, R. M., Cook, E., Stuchtey, M. R., Koskella, J., Velis, C. A., Godfrey, L., Boucher, J., Murphy, M. B., Thompson, R. C., Jankowska, E., Castillo, A. C., Pilditch, T. D., Dixon, B., Koerselman, L., Kosior, E., Favoino, E., Gutberlet, J., … Palardy, J. E. (2020). Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution. Science 369, pp. 1455–1461. https://www.science.org
16) Lee, P. S., & Jung, S. M. (2022). Quantitative analysis of microplastics coagulation-removal process for clean sea salt production. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(6), 5205–5216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03469-x
17) Lestari, P., Trihadiningrum, Y., Wijaya, B. A., Yunus, K. A., & Firdaus, M. (2020). Distribution of microplastics in Surabaya River, Indonesia. Science of the Total Environment, 726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138560
18) Marsden, P., Koelmans, B., Bourdon-Lacombe, J., & Gouin, J. (2019). Microplastics in drinking-water. Executive Summary: Microplastics in Drinking Water. World Health Organization.
19) Masura Julie, Baker Joel, Foster Gregory, & Arthur Courtney. (2015). Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48.
20) Naceradska, J., Pivokonska, L., & Pivokonsky, M. (2019). On the importance of pH value in coagulation. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA, 68(3), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.155
21) Nowacka, A., Włodarczyk-Makuła, M., & Macherzyński, B. (2014). Comparison of effectiveness of coagulation with aluminum sulfate and pre-hydrolyzed aluminum coagulants. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(19–21), 3843–3851. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.888129
22) Omar, I. A., & Aziz, S. Q. (2021). Optimization of ACH coagulant, settling time and powdered activated carbon as coagulant aid with economic analysis. Global Nest Journal, 23(3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.003797
23) Rajala, K., Grönfors, O., Hesampour, M., & Mikola, A. (2020). Removal of microplastics from secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent by coagulation/flocculation with iron, aluminum and polyamine-based chemicals. Water Research, 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116045
24) Schwarz, A. E., Ligthart, T. N., Boukris, E., & van Harmelen, T. (2019). Sources, transport, and accumulation of different types of plastic litter in aquatic environments: A review study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 143, 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.029
25) Shabangu, K. P., Bakare, B. F., & Bwapwa, J. K. (2022). The Treatment Effect of Chemical Coagulation Process in South African Brewery Wastewater: Comparison of Polyamine and Aluminum-Chlorohydrate coagulants. Water (Switzerland), 14(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162495
26) Shahi, N. K., Maeng, M., Kim, D., & Dockko, S. (2020). Removal behavior of microplastics using alum coagulant and its enhancement using polyamine-coated sand. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 141, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.05.020
27) Su, L., Xiong, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, C., Xu, X., Sun, C., & Shi, H. (2022). Global transportation of plastics and microplastics: A critical review of pathways and influences. Science of the Total Environment, 831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154884
28) Sun, J., Dai, X., Wang, Q., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., & Ni, B. J. (2019). Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: Detection, occurrence and removal. Water Research (Vol. 152, pp. 21–37). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.050
29) Suzuki, G., Uchida, N., Tuyen, L. H., Tanaka, K., Matsukami, H., Kunisue, T., Takahashi, S., Viet, P. H., Kuramochi, H., & Osako, M. (2022). Mechanical recycling of plastic waste as a point source of microplastic pollution. Environmental Pollution, 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119114
30) Zhang, Y., Zhou, G., Yue, J., Xing, X., Yang, Z., Wang, X., Wang, Q., & Zhang, J. (2021). Enhanced removal of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics through polyaluminum chloride coagulation with three typical coagulant aids. Science of the Total Environment, 800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149589
Volume 07 Issue 07 July 2024
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 11 (November 2024).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 November 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.